2018年攀枝花市烟草流行现况调查

目的了解攀枝花市烟草流行现状,为控烟干预提供参考。方法通过分层多阶段随机抽样和概率比例规模抽样相结合的方法,2018年攀枝花市共20个街道(乡镇)1840名15~69岁城乡常住居民参与问卷调查。调查主要内容包括个人基本信息,以及吸烟情况、烟草依赖情况、戒烟门诊及戒烟热线知晓情况、二手烟接触与危害知晓情况、电子烟与低焦油含量卷烟危害知晓情况。运用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行统计描述和卡方检验,检验水准a=0.05。结果共收回有效问卷1838份。攀枝花市2018年15~69岁成人吸烟率为24.65%,男性为50.81%,女性为1.64%。城市居民吸烟率(21.62%)低于农村(27.21%)。有36.65%的吸烟者有未来戒烟计划,41.94%的吸烟者曾经尝试过戒烟但并未成功。戒烟者戒烟前一年烟草依赖比例(40.98%)小于现在吸烟者(75.72%)差异有统计学意义(χ²=30.21,P<0.01)。被调查者中只有14.53%听说过戒烟热线,19.80%听说过戒烟门诊。二手烟暴露率高(72.72%)。18.23%的被调查者认为“有些卷烟会比另一些卷烟对人的健康危害小”,25.73%的被调查者认为电子烟的危害比卷烟小。结论控烟工作的重点是降低男性吸烟率。若想改变攀枝花市烟草流行现状,须保障健康教育经费投入,同时完善戒烟门诊建设,完善法制体系建设,全方位多举措有效降低吸烟率。     

Predictors of the outcome of physiotherapy following a meniscus tear: A systematic review

BackgroundPhysiotherapy is indicated for treatment of a painful degenerative knee meniscus tear. Predicting the outcome remains uncertain.ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review was to identify which predictive factors are associated with the outcome of physiotherapy for degenerative knee meniscus tear.MethodsA systematic electronic literature search was undertaken of PubMed, CINAHL, Medline with AMED and EMBASE via Ovid from inception to July 2021. Studies of adults receiving physiotherapy which presented data on the association of baseline variables and the treatment outcome were included. Study quality was assessed using CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tools. Data were narratively analysed.Results1051 titles were retrieved and screened for eligibility. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine studies investigated just degenerative tears. The evidence-base was of low/moderate quality. Across all studies, seven and five studies (100%) reported no association between mechanical symptoms or gender respectively (p > 0.05). There was no association with osteoarthritis in 80%, age in 71%, or body mass index in 60% of studies (p > 0.05). Four studies (80%) reported that higher baseline pain was associated with cross-over to surgery, greater improvement with surgery or less improvement in pain score (p > 0.05).ConclusionPatient demographic characteristics provide minimal association with outcome following physiotherapy for degenerative meniscus tear. The evidence-base is limited in size and quality. A large adequately powered prospective cohort study investigating a broad range of predictive factors is warranted to develop a predictive model to better stratify those most likely to benefit from physiotherapy.     

Risk factors related to the severity of COVID-19 in Wuhan

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics at admission of patients with moderate COVID-19 in Wuhan and to explore risk factors associated with the severe prognosis of the disease for prognostic prediction.Methods: In this retrospective study, moderate and severe disease was defined according to the report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 172 patients with laboratory-confirmed moderate COVID-19 were collected when they were admitted to the Cancer Center of Wuhan Union Hospital between February 13, 2020 and February 25, 2020. This cohort was followed to March 14, 2020. The outcomes, being discharged as mild cases or developing into severe cases, were categorized into two groups. The data were compared and analyzed with univariate logistic regression to identify the features that differed significantly between the two groups. Based on machine learning algorithms, a further feature selection procedure was performed to identify the features that can contribute the most to the prediction of disease severity.Results: Of the 172 patients, 112 were discharged as mild cases, and 60 developed into severe cases. Four clinical characteristics and 18 laboratory findings showed significant differences between the two groups in the statistical test (P<0.01) and univariate logistic regression analysis (P<0.01). In the further feature selection procedure, six features were chosen to obtain the best performance in discriminating the two groups with a linear kernel support vector machine. The mean accuracy was 91.38%, with a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.94. The six features included interleukin-6, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, procalcitonin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, chest distress and calcium level.Conclusions: With the data collected at admission, the combination of one clinical characteristic and five laboratory findings contributed the most to the discrimination between the two groups with a linear kernel support vector machine classifier. These factors may be risk factors that can be used to perform a prognostic prediction regarding the severity of the disease for patients with moderate COVID-19 in the early stage of the disease.     

浅谈新型冠状病毒肺炎合并基础病的中医药防治策略＊

2019年12月始，新型冠状病毒肺炎（Corona Virus Disease 2019，COVID-19）以湖北武汉为中心向全国各地蔓延。目前数据显示，COVID-19合并糖尿病、高血压、肿瘤等基础病的患者病情较为严峻，病死率相对较高。该类患者的临床治疗策略有待进一步深入研究。在此次疫情防治过程中，中西医结合治疗手段于COVID-19的防治及患者基础疾病的兼顾治疗方面展现出了一定的特色及优势。本文结合中医“未病先防，既病防变，瘥后防复”思想，拟从COVID-19合并糖尿病、高血压、肿瘤三个方面，探讨COVID-19爆发形势下合并基础病患者的中医药防治策略。     

Awareness and risk factors of autism spectrum disorder in an Egyptian population

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine the type and percentage of referral situations, risk factors, associated syndromes, and parental awareness of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children who visited the Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre in Cairo, specialized in ASD diagnosis and management.MethodsThe study included 530 children who were diagnosed with ASD. For those, full medical history, clinical examination, severity evaluation, and testing the language and cognitive development were performed. The process of diagnosis and assessment of parents’ awareness and knowledge about ASD was investigated using questionnaires.ResultsThe clinic was mainly visited by self-referral. About half of the participants (51.4 %) had previously visited other doctors (1–5 physicians) who were mostly pediatricians. The parents’ awareness was mostly limited to the term “autism”, but not the nature of ASD. Caesarean section was the most common risk factor (57.4 %), followed by jaundice (30.1 %). The most common presenting symptoms were language (81.5 %) and social (60.4 %) deficits. ASD severity was found to be high in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and electroencephalogram (EEG) changes (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe risk factors and associated syndromes in the Egyptian population studied were similar to those reported in previous studies performed in other populations, but their percentage was different. Perinatal problems were the most common risk factors, which may relate to the influence of gene-environmental interaction on the factors which could play a role in developing ASD or increasing its severity. The process of ASD diagnosis was commonly delayed among the participants. Increasing awareness and knowledge among health care professionals and parents is urgently needed to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention services, which will lead to improvement of the developmental outcomes for ASD children. The associated syndromes could be the driving force to seek medical advice and could influence the ASD severity.     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后肾脏功能损伤的危险因素

目的调查分析Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后肾脏功能损伤(AKI)的危险因素,为临床降低肾脏功能损伤并发率对策提供支持。方法收集2017年1月—2019年12月医院心血管外科确诊且顺利行A型主动脉夹层手术的179例患者为研究对象,均由同组外科医师和麻醉医师实施手术,术后进入ICU监测治疗。根据术后早期是否存在AKI,将发生AKI 60例设为病例组,未发生AKI 119例设为对照组。分析发生AKI高危因素。结果经过多因素Logistics回归分析显示,年龄(OR=2.396)、双侧肾脏灌注欠佳(OR=8.725)、BMI值(OR=3.454)、监测膀胱温度(OR=4.180)、CPB时长(OR=2.165)、术中红细胞输注(OR=2.291)均为此类手术患者发生AKI独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论年龄、BMI值、双侧肾脏灌注欠佳、CPB、监测膀胱温度、术中红细胞输注均为影响A型主动脉夹层术后AKI的独立相关因素,临床护士应针对上述分析制定个体化针对方案以降低术后AKI发生风险。     

超声引导PVNB对老年食道癌开胸患者术后镇痛、应激及炎性因子水平的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下连续椎旁神经阻滞(PVNB)对老年食道癌开胸手术患者术后镇痛、应激及炎性因子水平的影响。方法 选取我院拟实施全麻下开胸手术的90例食道癌开胸手术患者作为研究对象,其中45例患者术前采用超声引导下PVNB麻醉复合全身麻醉(PVNB组)、对照组45例患者采用全身麻醉；两组患者术后均采用静脉自控镇痛(对照组)；对比两组患者术后2h、6h、24h及48h静息状态、咳嗽状态下的视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS),术后镇痛药物用量及镇痛药物不良反应发生情况,术前及术后24h血清去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、皮质醇(Cor)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)差异及术后肺部感染发生情况。结果 PVNB组患者和对照组在术后2h～术后48h的静息VAS评分及咳嗽VAS评分组间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),PVNB组术后2h、6h及24h静息VAS评分及咳嗽VAS评分均高于对照组(P>0.05)。PVNB组患者术后的镇痛泵按压次数、舒芬太尼用量均低于对照组(P<0.05),PVNB组患者术后的镇痛泵按压次数、舒芬太尼用量均低于对照组(P<0.05),术前两组患者的血清NE、E、Cor水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；术后两24h两组患者血清NE、E、Cor水平均较术前增高(P>0.05),术后24h PVNB组的血清NE、E、Cor水平低于对照组(P<0.05),术前两组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-α水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；术后24h两组患者血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α水平均较术前增高(P<0.05),PVNB组的血清IL-6、TNF-α水平低于对照组(P<0.05),PVNB组术后发生肺部感染2例,发生率为4.4%,对照组术后发生肺部感染6例,发生率为13.3%,PVNB组术后肺部感染发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 超声引导下PVNB能够改善老年食道癌开胸患者术后镇痛效果,减轻手术创伤所致的应激反应,较少患者术后肺部感染的发生。